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Glossary · Web & App Development

OAuth 2.0

Definition: OAuth 2.0 is an open authorization framework (RFC 6749) that lets an application access a user's data on another service without receiving their password. The user grants consent, and an authorization server issues a scoped, time-limited access token the app presents to the API. It powers 'Sign in with Google' and most third-party API integrations.

Official source: OAuth 2.0

Overview

What OAuth 2.0 is

OAuth 2.0 is the industry-standard framework for delegated authorization, defined in RFC 6749. It solves a specific problem: letting one application act on a user's behalf against another service's API without the user handing over their username and password.

Importantly, OAuth 2.0 is an authorization protocol, not an authentication one. It answers 'what is this app allowed to do?' rather than 'who is this user?' — authentication layers like OpenID Connect are built on top of it for login.

How it works

Instead of sharing credentials, the client application obtains an access token — a scoped, time-limited credential — from an authorization server after the resource owner (the user) approves the request. The client then presents that token to the resource server (the API) to access only the data the scopes permit.

OAuth 2.0 defines several grant types (flows) for different scenarios: the Authorization Code flow with PKCE for web and mobile apps, Client Credentials for machine-to-machine access, and others. Tokens can be refreshed and revoked without exposing the user's password.

Why it matters

OAuth 2.0 underpins nearly every 'Connect your account' and 'Sign in with Google/Microsoft/GitHub' experience, plus most API integrations between SaaS products. It limits blast radius: a leaked token is scoped and expiring, and users can revoke access without changing their password.

When building integrations, follow current best practice — the Authorization Code flow with PKCE, short-lived access tokens, and secure refresh-token handling. The older Implicit and Password grants are now discouraged. Providers like Auth0, Clerk, and Firebase implement these flows so teams don't build them from scratch.

FAQ

OAuth 2.0 — common questions

Is OAuth 2.0 authentication or authorization?

OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework — it grants an app permission to access resources on a user's behalf. Authentication (verifying who the user is) is handled by OpenID Connect, a layer built on top of OAuth 2.0.

What is an access token in OAuth 2.0?

An access token is a scoped, time-limited credential issued by the authorization server that a client presents to an API to access a user's resources. It replaces sharing the user's actual password.

What is the difference between OAuth 2.0 and JWT?

OAuth 2.0 is a framework for delegating access; JWT is a token format. OAuth access tokens are often (but not always) JWTs. In short, OAuth defines the flow, while JWT can be how the token itself is encoded.

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